CCTV PhD

2005-10-19T12:24:00.000+01:00

Information-Physics One

2005-10-19T11:48:00.000+01:00

Special Reception for Younger Physicists

2005-10-19T11:40:00.000+01:00

Company making car safety systems. Jobs

2005-10-17T11:52:00.000+01:00

SCAMP: a general-purpose focal-plane massively parallel processor array Chip which analog detects motion.

2005-08-12T14:02:00.000+01:00

full_192.pdf (application/pdf Object)&bmvc2001.pdf (application/pdf Object)Tim Ellis and D Makris on detecting and analysing the path of pedestrians.

2005-08-12T13:42:00.001+01:00

ScienceDirect - Artificial Intelligence : Visual surveillance in a dynamic and uncertain world*1 Sicence Direct - login

2005-08-12T13:42:00.000+01:00

Psarrou-Gong-Walter-IVC2002.pdf (application/pdf Object) Recognition of Human gestures and behaviour based on motion trajectories.

2005-08-12T13:17:00.000+01:00

CCTVpaper.pdf (application/pdf Object) What happens next? The predictability of natural behaviour
viewed through CCTV camerasÀ
Perception, 2004, volume 33 ages 87 ^ 101
Tom Troscianko, Alison Holmes, Jennifer Stillmanô, Majid Mirmehdi, Daniel Wright½,
Anna Wilson½
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 8 Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1TN, UK;
ô School of Psychology, Massey University, Albany, North Shore MSC, Auckland, New Zealand;
½ Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK;
e-mail: tom.troscianko@bris.ac.uk
Received 1 July 2002, in revised form 15 September 2003
Abstract. Can potentially antisocial or criminal behaviour be predicted? Our study aimed to ascertain (a) whether observers can successfully predict the onset of such behaviour when viewing real recordings from CCTV; (b) where, in the sequence of events, it is possible to make this prediction; and (c) whether there may be a difference between naive and professional observers. We used 100 sample scenes from UK urban locations. Of these, 18 led to criminal behaviour (fights or vandalism). A further 18 scenes were matched as closely as possible to the crime examples, but did not lead to any crime, and 64 were neutral scenes chosen from a wide variety of noncriminal situations. A signal-detection paradigm was used in conjunction with a 6-point rating scale. Data from fifty naive and fifty professional observers suggest that (a) observers can distinguish crime sequences from neutral sequences and from matches; (b) there are key types of behaviour (particularly gestures and body position) that allow predictions to be made; (c) the performance of na|« ve observers is comparable to that of experts. However, because the experts were predominantly male, the absence of an effect of experience may have been due to gender differences, which were investigated in a subsidiary experiment. The results of experiment 2 leave open the possibility that females perform better than males at such tasks.
DOI:10.1068/p3402

2005-08-09T09:57:00.000+01:00

Human Vision Models for Perceptually Optimized Image Processing - A Review

Marcus J. Nadenau, Stefan Winkler, David Alleysson, Murat Kunt

Human Visual System, Color Perception, Image Compression

Person Identification Using Multiple Cues

Roberto Brunelli, Daniele Falavigna

IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intell. V17 No. 10 oct 95

Face Recognition. Not very useful for my project.

On Illumination Invariance In Color Object Recognition

M Drew, J. Wei, Ze-Nian Li

Linear Color Algorithm

Mobile Robot Localization Under Varying Illumination

M Jogan, H Wildenauer H Bischof

Eigenspace EigenImage

-each learned image is point in low-dim eigenspace. Project scene on eigenspace and search for closest learned point. Uses PCA to reduce the dimentionality of an image to plot as a point. Method is robust with occulusions and illumination artifacts but global Illumination must be delt with by filters.

Robustly Estimating Changes in Image Appearance

Black, Fleet, Yacoob

appearance change, optical flow. Review of multitude problems of image change.

Illumination Invariant and Occlusion Robust Vehicle Tracking by Spatio-Temporal MRF Model

Kamijo, Sakauchi

Spatio-Temporal Markoff Random Field.

An Illumination Invariant Change Detection Algorithm

Lou Yang Hu Tan

Seems useful but difficult to understand. Color. Divides image into stationary background and moving foreground. homomorphic filtering for Ill, invar. Internet sites on this method say it is very slow.

Illumination-Invariant Image Retrieval and Video Segmentation

Drew, Wei, Li.

A lot of emph on Color.

Adaptive Background Estimation: Computing a pixel-wise learning rate from local confidence and global correlation values

PIC, Berthouze, Kurita 2004

Very interesting. Results in robust moving object segmentation.

A Novel Background Initialization Method in Visual Surveillance

Bevilacqua

Bayes Theorm. looks at each pixel as it changes through time. Picks most usual intensity and calls it background, under the assumption that moving foreground objects pass by quickly and background intensities are dominant in time. Uses this to build a background model and subtracts from image to get moving objects. Doesn't deal with background illumination changes in time but says method robust for all illumination conditions (assuming they are constant in time)

Effective Object Segmentation in a Traffic Monitoring Application

Bevilacqua

3x3 morph method for segmenting video objects.

Image Segmentation by three-level thresholding based on maximum fuzzy entropy and genetic algorithm.

Tao, Tian, Liu

probability partition. Extends work of Zhoa et al 2001, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Systems 9 (3), 469-479

Local Entropy-based region extraction and thresholding

Yan, Sang, Zhang

Local Entropy, Transition Region, Gradient, Segmentation.

Phd: Real-Time Occupant Detection in High Dynamic Range Environments - Carsten Koch

Journal Review

Optical Dynamic Range - Yamada: effectivness of video camera dynamic range expansion for lane mark detection, IEEE Int. Conf on Intell. Vehicles, 1998 -> CCD cameras fail 10% of time to detect lane marks in daylight

Usuall Dynamic Range of Cameras is 60-70dB. High Dynamic Range cameras for use in extreme lighting envoron use CMOS and give 80dB

Background Segmentation. When an object moves it joins the foreground but fades back to the background shortly after stopping.

Whole object should be moved to foreground - not just it's moving components.

---------------------------------------------------

Watkinson "The MPEG HandBook"

-motion compensation - optical axis in 3d (2d space, 1 time) space. optical axis at angle to time axis if object moving. object changes little as it moves along axis. (MPEG-4)

Stauffer, Grimson, "Learning Patterns of Activity Using Real-Time Tracking"

realtime visual tracking, adaptive background estimation, gaussian, surveillance.

2005-08-04T16:10:00.000+01:00

2005-07-28T11:23:00.000+01:00

107. S. A. Niyogi and E. H. Adelson, Analyzing and recognizing walking figures in XYT, in Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1994. One of the very few papers that use XYT processing of video.

2005-07-28T10:55:00.000+01:00

cvpr,1997 [113] Pedestrian Detection Using Wavelet Templates, IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'97)

This paper presents a trainable object detection architecture that is applied to detecting people in static images of cluttered scenes. This problem poses several challenges. People are highly non-rigid objects with a high degree of variability in size, shape, color, and texture. Unlike previous approaches, this system learns from examples and does not rely on any a priori (handcrafted) models or on motion. The detection technique is based on the novel idea of the wavelet template that defines the shape of an object in terms of a subset of the wavelet coeficients of the image. It is invariant to changes in color and texture and can be used to robustly define a rich and complex class of objects such as people. We show how the invariant properties and computational eficiency of the wavelet template make it an effective tool for object detection.

2005-07-28T10:05:00.000+01:00

A multiscale approach to connectivity General discussion of Multiscale connectivity
(pdf)

2005-07-27T21:30:00.000+01:00

[25] O. Chomat and J. L. Crowley, Recognizing motion using local appearance, in International Symposium on
Intelligent Robotic Systems, University of Edinburgh, 1998.

This paper presents a technique for the analysis and recognition of body motion using local appearance. A set of spatio-temporal lters are determined by principal component analysis of the contents of spatio-temporal neighborhoods from a set of image sequences. A few principal components dene the basis for an orthogonal space for describing the appearance of motion. The axes of this space represent local spatio-temporal patterns. The projection of a local spatio-temporal neighborhood onto these axes provides a vector which describes the neighborhood. Motion can be described statistically using the multi-dimensional histogram of projections. Such statistical analysis of feature projections provides the basis for a method for recognition of motion patterns. In this paper we report on initial experimental which show promising results in the description of a walking action

2005-07-26T14:46:00.000+01:00

SpiesICCV2001.pdf (application/pdf Object) must read on Optical flow in noisy images.

2005-07-26T14:44:00.000+01:00

Spatio-Temporal Image Processing Vision Chips

An Exhaustive survey of motion/ change detection chips which use delay circuits to compare frames.

2005-07-26T14:24:00.000+01:00

icpr,International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'00)-Volume 1

Possibly useful: This paper presents a novel motion estimation algorithm, which gives excellent results on both counts. The algorithm starts by computing 3D orientation tensors from the image sequence. These are combined under the constraints of a parametric motion model to produce velocity estimates. Evaluated on the well-known Yosemite sequence, the algorithm shows an accuracy, which is substantially better than for previously, published methods. Computationally the algorithm is simple and can be implemented by means of sep-arable convolutions, which makes it fast.

2005-07-26T14:14:00.000+01:00

Moeslund.pdf (application/pdf Object)

A Survey of Computer Vision-Based Human Motion Capture

Thomas B. Moeslund and Erik Granum

Received December 2, 1999; accepted September 27, 2000

A comprehensive survey of computer vision-based human motion capture literature from the past two decades is presented. The focus is on a general overview based on a taxonomy of system functionalities, broken down into four processes: initialization, tracking, pose estimation, and recognition. Each process is discussed and divided into subprocesses and/or categories of methods to provide a reference to describe and compare the more than 130 publications covered by the survey. References are included throughout the paper to exemplify important issues and their relations to the various methods. A number of general assumptions used in this research field are identified and the character of these assumptions indicates that the research field is still in an early stage of development. To evaluate the state of the art, the major application areas are identified and performances are analyzed in light of the methods presented in the survey. Finally, suggestions for future research directions are offered.

2005-07-26T12:31:00.000+01:00

BBC NEWS | Health | Blink and you really do 'miss it'

Human Brain shuts down part of visual system for each blink.

2005-07-25T18:00:00.000+01:00

Pressure on U.S. to Use More Surveillance - Yahoo! News

Pressure on U.S. to Use More Surveillance

By ROBERT TANNER, AP National Writer Sun Jul 24, 3:02 AM ET

NEW YORK - Pressure is building for greater use of video cameras to keep watch over the nation's cities — particularly in transportation systems and other spots vulnerable to terrorism — after the bombings in London.
ADVERTISEMENT

The calls have come over the last few weeks as British investigators released surveillance footage of the bombers in the deadly July 7 attacks and then put out frames of suspects in Thursday's failed attacks.

"I do not think that cameras are the big mortal threat to civil liberties that people are painting them to be," Washington, D.C., Mayor Anthony A. Williams said Friday.

He's not alone. While privacy advocates question their effectiveness, Sen.
Hillary Clinton called for New York City subway officials to install more cameras, even though officials said some 5,000 cameras are already in use across all modes of city travel. In Stamford, Conn., Mayor Dan Malloy said it's time to revisit a 1999 ordinance that limited cameras to watching traffic.

In many other spots around the country, cameras already are in place.

"In general, I think we're getting used to cameras. Hey, that's just the way the world is," said Roy Bordes, who runs an Orlando, Fla.-based security design consultant firm.

Consider these recent developments:

• Chicago now has at least 2,000 surveillance cameras across its neighborhoods, after leaders last year launched an ambitious project at a cost of roughly $5 million. Law enforcement says they've helped drive crime rates to the lowest they've seen in 40 years.

• In Philadelphia, where the city has increasingly relied on video surveillance, cameras caught an early morning murder which ultimately led to the capture of a suspect. Police say the accused is now a suspect in an unsolved murder from 1998.

•
Homeland Security officials last week announced they would install hundreds of surveillance cameras and sensors on a rail line near the Capitol at a cost of $9.8 million, months after an effort by local officials to ban hazardous shipments on the line.

In most cases prior to the last few years, street crime — not terrorism — was the driving factor behind the cameras. There has also been a boom in traffic-monitoring cameras, and huge reliance on surveillance cameras in private business, especially in retail establishments like convenience and department stores.

Security experts say that technology hasn't yet caught up with hopes for the equipment, however.

They point out that despite London's huge network of cameras, the bombings weren't prevented. In those two cases, the cameras have only helped in the investigations.

One significant weakness is that the images caught by camera can't automatically link to a list of known terrorist suspects — not that that would have helped in London, as men identified as bombers weren't on any watch lists.

"I haven't heard of anything being successful that allows us to prevent something by flashing up on a screen somewhere a positive identification of someone on a terrorist database," said Jack Lichtenstein with ASIS international, a Washington-based organization of security officials. Still, "that's where we're headed," he said.

Privacy advocates say the London bombings should persuade policymakers to stay away from surveillance rather than invest in it. It doesn't prevent terrorism, and at best only encourages terrorists to shift their target, they argue.

"Let's say we put cameras on all the subways in New York City, and terrorists bomb movie theaters instead. Then it's a total waste of money," said Bruce Schneier, author of "Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly about Security in an Uncertain World."

It's not much more likely to catch a terrorist than the random searches that New York officials have begun conducting on subways, he said. Better to spend money on intelligence resources to prevent attacks and emergency training to respond to them, he said.

But in Stamford, Conn., a city on a train line that runs to New York, Mayor Malloy said potential targets like trains, hospitals and water reservoirs should all be monitored, with regulations to guard against snooping on private homes, parks and other unlikely targets.

2005-06-29T19:24:00.000+01:00

Welcome to IEEE Xplore 2.0: Estimation of velocity, acceleration and disparity in timesequences

* Velocity and acceleration estimation using 3d signal processing

* Spatio-temporal filtering in a hierarchical structure

* Orientation by tensors

* Uses 6 quadrature filters to derive 3D orientation (ie, north south east west, as well as, moving north, moving south, moving east, moving west. This is with time sequences or frame stacks)

To Look Up:

Bernd Jahne, "Motion determination in spacetime images" In O. Faugeras, editor Computer Vision - ECCV90, pg 161-173 Springer-Verlag 1990
,br>
J Wiklund L Haglung H Knutsson GH Granlund "Time sequence analysis using multisolution spatio temporal filters 3rd Int. Workshop on Time-Verying Image", Proc and Moving Obj Recog, Florence, Italy, May 89.

2005-06-28T18:11:00.000+01:00

Amazon.co.uk: Books: The Cognitive Neuroscience of Vision (Fundamentals of Cognitive Neuroscience S.) A great overview of the Human visual system - without too much neuroscience jargon.

2005-06-28T17:32:00.000+01:00

Welcome to IEEE Xplore 2.0: A framework for anisotropic adaptive filtering and analysis ofimage sequences and volumes

2005-06-15T13:35:00.000+01:00

Biological/Neurological/Psychophysical

The RE:HVS project has the aim of using what is know about the Human Visual System, and how that near-perfect system processes visual information, and improve computer vision algorithms.

Here are some papers on this area:

A model of neuronal responses in visual area MT
EP Simoncelli, DJ Heeger - Vision Res, 1998 - cns.nyu.edu
... Some of the material in this article has been reported previously (Simoncelli, 1993;
Simoncelli and Heeger, 1994; Heeger, Simoncelli and Movshon, 1995). ...

-presents a computational model of the MT area. Mentions how neuron response is based on "Stimulus contrast" (does this mean edges, effectivily?) Neurons in the MT have a combined orintation-speed selectivity.

2005-06-15T10:06:00.000+01:00

Hello, I'm a researcher in Computer Vision working on CCTV processing techinques. My work touches on the very different areas of psychophysics and neurology (my project is part of the RE:HVS) maths, Image and video processing, criminology, and lots of others! I've long been looking for a way of organising the information I'm gathering in a useful, searchable way. I work in equal parts at home and in the lab, and carrying stacks of notebooks over and back is surely too inefficient for the 21st century!
The information I need to organise is list of papers and books I've read, along with short descriptions of their usefulness to me. What I'd really like is a special on-line database where I can quickly log and store this information (Any developers out there with more time then I want to design this?) or if those wonderful people at google would lauch some clever integration of Google Scholar and a blogger (or perhaps a MyGoogleScholar personalised site with lists of past viewed papers, with the ability to keep notes on each)
Short of all that, I'm going to try and keep this stuff on a blog.